William Blake

A00026 [from] Illustrations to The Book of Job: Engravings 1823–6/1874 [A00012-A00032; T05845; complete]

A 00012–32 /-
Twenty-two line engravings on india paper laid on drawing paper approx. 510×345 (20×13 1/2)
Purchased with the assistance of a special grant from the National Gallery and donations from the National Art-Collections Fund, Lord Duveen and others, and presented through the National Art-Collections Fund 1919
PROVENANCE John Linnell; his heirs, sold Christie's 15 March 1918 (183) £33.12.0.bt Martin for the donors
LITERATURE Gilchrist 1863, 1, pp.283–4, 297; Wicksteed 1910 and 1924; Russell Engravings 1912, 102–15 no.33: Keynes Bibliography 1921, pp.179–82 no.55: Binyon and Keynes 1935, series repr. vol.VI; Keynes Engravings 1950, pp.16–17, series repr.pls. 42–68; Keynes Writings 1957, pp.869–70, 872, 874, 876–7; S. Foster Damon, Blake's Job 1966, series repr.; Bentley Blake Records 1969, pp.234 n.i, 277–397 passim, 586–605; Andrew Wright Blake's Job: A Commentary 1972, series repr.; Lindberg 1973, pp.24–32, 40–52, 167–76, 183–352 nos.0A–21A, series repr.; Bentley Blake Books 1977, pp.517–24 no.421; Bindman Graphic Works 1978, pp.486–7 nos.625–46, series repr.; Mitchell 1978, pp.41–2; Essick Printmaker 1981, pp.92, 105, 220, 234–50, 252; Robert N. Essick, ‘Blake's Engravings to the Book of Job; An Essay on their Graphic Form with a Catalogue of their States and Printings’ in David Bindman, ed., William Blake's Illustrations of the Book of Job 1987, pp.35–101.

John Linnell, who had commissioned the second set of watercolour illustrations to the Book of Job in 1821, entered into a formal agreement with Blake for the engravings on 25 March 1823: Linnell was to pay Blake £5 a plate or £100 for the set, and in addition he agreed to give Blake an extra £100 if the profits of the work made this possible. The agreement was for twenty engravings though in the event twenty-one subjects were engraved together with a title-page. On 5 March 1825 Linnell went with Blake to the printer J. Lahee to see proofs being taken. The series is dated 8 March 1825 but the final engravings do not seem actually to have been ready until the end of March 1826 (Bentley 1969, pp.277, 300 and 327). At this time 215 sets of engravings marked ‘Proof’ were issued; these should be distinguished from the working proofs, on some of which Blake tried out designs for the borders. The word ‘Proof’ was then deleted (traces can be seen on A00013) and a further 100 sets were printed on drawing paper. According to John Linnell Jr, writing to Bernard Quaritch on 6 May 1892, Linnell, after the 1826 printing, ‘put the plates away, & they were never again used after this time until the year 1874. At this time my father...had one hundred copies printed from the plates upon India paper’. Although the distinctive cover is now missing, it seems that the Tate Gallery's copies of the engravings are from this 1874 printing. The original plates were given by Herbert Linnell to the British Museum Print Room on 28 May 1919.

Each engraving is inscribed ‘W Blake inv. & sculp’. In addition each is inscribed in the lower margin with variations of the text ‘London. Published as the Act directs March 8:1825 by William Blake No3 Fountain Court Strand’; the first actual design (A00012) is mistakenly dated with the year 1828 and ‘Will^m’ is sometimes substituted for ‘William’, while the punctuation is also slightly varied.

More importantly, the borders of each design bear a number of inscriptions taken from the Bible or with variations of biblical texts. These add a verbal gloss to the designs which in themselves embody Blake's critical reaction to the original story as set out in the Old Testament. The fullest analysis is in Lindberg though Wicksteed, Damon 1966 and Wright also contain full commentaries. Blake's interpretation of his text is only given in summary form in this catalogue.

These engravings were formerly inventoried as nos.3372 i–xxii. The new inventory numbers omit the title-page.

A00026 Behemoth and Leviathan

Line engraving 200×151 (7 7/8×5 15/16); platemark 218×170 (8 5/8×6 11/16)

Inscribed ‘WBlake invenit & sculpt’ b.r., ‘London Published as the Act directs March 8:1825 by Will^m Blake N3 Fountain Court Strand’ below, ‘15’ t.r., and with texts given below

EXHIBITED Tate Gallery 1958 (202, repr.)

Illustration no.15: Job, xl, 15; xli, 34. Blake's main text only mentions Behemoth: ‘Behold now Behemoth which I made with thee’ (Job, xl, 15). However, the text in the right margin mentions both monsters: ‘Of Behemoth he saith. He is the chief of the ways of God/Of Leviathan he saith, He is King of all the Children of Pride’ (Job xl, 19; xli, 34). The other two quotations relate the monsters to natural phenomena: ‘Can any understand the spreadings of the Clouds/the noise of his Tabernacle’ (Job, xxxvi, 21), and ‘also by watering he wearyeth the thick cloud/He scattereth the bright cloud also it is turned about by his counsels’ (Job, xxxvii, 11–12).

The Lord humbles Job by enumerating the extent and power of His creation. Leviathan is described in various places in the Bible as a sea-monster, while the representation of Behemoth as a hippopotamus is the traditional one. Blake shows them as presiding over land and sea respectively, perhaps, as Lindberg suggests, on the basis of the pseudo-epigraphical Fourth Book of Estras, vi, 47–52. In Jerusalem Blake makes the monsters the representatives of war by land and sea respectively (see nos.58 and 59), in a passage that describes the Spectre creating the material world and ‘refusing to believe without demonstration’ (Keynes Writings 1957, p.738). The monsters are therefore shown in a material, global world below that inhabited by Job and his companions. Lindberg suggests that this is Hell and that its global form is an attack on the scientific belief in the roundness of the earth; Blake was later to tell Crabb Robinson that ‘I do not believe that the world is round. I believe it quite flat’ (Bentley Blake Records 1969, pp.313, 541).

Published in:
Martin Butlin, William Blake 1757-1827, Tate Gallery Collections, V, London 1990