William Blake

Catalogue entry

A00027 [from] Illustrations to The Book of Job: Engravings 1823–6/1874 [A00012-A00032; T05845; complete]

A 00012–32 /-
Twenty-two line engravings on india paper laid on drawing paper approx. 510×345 (20×13 1/2)
Purchased with the assistance of a special grant from the National Gallery and donations from the National Art-Collections Fund, Lord Duveen and others, and presented through the National Art-Collections Fund 1919
PROVENANCE John Linnell; his heirs, sold Christie's 15 March 1918 (183) £33.12.0.bt Martin for the donors
LITERATURE Gilchrist 1863, 1, pp.283–4, 297; Wicksteed 1910 and 1924; Russell Engravings 1912, 102–15 no.33: Keynes Bibliography 1921, pp.179–82 no.55: Binyon and Keynes 1935, series repr. vol.VI; Keynes Engravings 1950, pp.16–17, series repr.pls. 42–68; Keynes Writings 1957, pp.869–70, 872, 874, 876–7; S. Foster Damon, Blake's Job 1966, series repr.; Bentley Blake Records 1969, pp.234 n.i, 277–397 passim, 586–605; Andrew Wright Blake's Job: A Commentary 1972, series repr.; Lindberg 1973, pp.24–32, 40–52, 167–76, 183–352 nos.0A–21A, series repr.; Bentley Blake Books 1977, pp.517–24 no.421; Bindman Graphic Works 1978, pp.486–7 nos.625–46, series repr.; Mitchell 1978, pp.41–2; Essick Printmaker 1981, pp.92, 105, 220, 234–50, 252; Robert N. Essick, ‘Blake's Engravings to the Book of Job; An Essay on their Graphic Form with a Catalogue of their States and Printings’ in David Bindman, ed., William Blake's Illustrations of the Book of Job 1987, pp.35–101.

John Linnell, who had commissioned the second set of watercolour illustrations to the Book of Job in 1821, entered into a formal agreement with Blake for the engravings on 25 March 1823: Linnell was to pay Blake £5 a plate or £100 for the set, and in addition he agreed to give Blake an extra £100 if the profits of the work made this possible. The agreement was for twenty engravings though in the event twenty-one subjects were engraved together with a title-page. On 5 March 1825 Linnell went with Blake to the printer J. Lahee to see proofs being taken. The series is dated 8 March 1825 but the final engravings do not seem actually to have been ready until the end of March 1826 (Bentley 1969, pp.277, 300 and 327). At this time 215 sets of engravings marked ‘Proof’ were issued; these should be distinguished from the working proofs, on some of which Blake tried out designs for the borders. The word ‘Proof’ was then deleted (traces can be seen on A00013) and a further 100 sets were printed on drawing paper. According to John Linnell Jr, writing to Bernard Quaritch on 6 May 1892, Linnell, after the 1826 printing, ‘put the plates away, & they were never again used after this time until the year 1874. At this time my father...had one hundred copies printed from the plates upon India paper’. Although the distinctive cover is now missing, it seems that the Tate Gallery's copies of the engravings are from this 1874 printing. The original plates were given by Herbert Linnell to the British Museum Print Room on 28 May 1919.

Each engraving is inscribed ‘W Blake inv. & sculp’. In addition each is inscribed in the lower margin with variations of the text ‘London. Published as the Act directs March 8:1825 by William Blake No3 Fountain Court Strand’; the first actual design (A00012) is mistakenly dated with the year 1828 and ‘Will^m’ is sometimes substituted for ‘William’, while the punctuation is also slightly varied.

More importantly, the borders of each design bear a number of inscriptions taken from the Bible or with variations of biblical texts. These add a verbal gloss to the designs which in themselves embody Blake's critical reaction to the original story as set out in the Old Testament. The fullest analysis is in Lindberg though Wicksteed, Damon 1966 and Wright also contain full commentaries. Blake's interpretation of his text is only given in summary form in this catalogue.

These engravings were formerly inventoried as nos.3372 i–xxii. The new inventory numbers omit the title-page.

A00027 The Fall of Satan

Line engraving 186×150 (7 5/16×5 15/16); platemark 201×164 (7 7/8×6 7/16)

Inscribed ‘WBlake inv & sculp’ b.r., ‘London. Published as the Act directs March 8:1825 by William Blake N^o3 Fountain Court Strand’ below, ‘16’ t.r., and with texts given below

Illustration no.16: Job, xxxvi, 17; xlii, 1–7. The main title quotes from Elihu's verdict on Job and his companions: ‘Thou hast fulfilled the Judgment of the Wicked’ (Job xxxvi, 17; this continues ‘Judgment and justice take hold on thee’). The judgment of Job was traditionally seen as forshadowing the Last Judgment and the defeat of Satan, and Blake quotes various texts including some from the New Testament with this wider connotation: ‘Hell is naked before him & Destruction has no covering’ (Job, xxvi, 6); ‘Even the Devils are Subject to Us thro thy Name. Jesus said unto them. I saw Satan as lightning fall from Heaven’ (Luke, x, 17–18); ‘God hath chosen the foolish things of the World to confound the wise/And God hath chosen the weak things of the World to confound the things that are mighty’ (I Corinthians, i, 27); ‘Canst thou by searching find out God/Canst thou find out the Almighty to perfection It is higher than Heaven what canst thou do/It is deeper than Hell what canst thou know’ (Job, xi, 7–8); ‘The Accuser of our Brethren is Cast down/which accused them before our God day & night’ (Apocalypse, xii, 10); ‘The Prince of this World shall be cast out’ (John, xii, 31).

This is the third of the sub-group of designs showing the Lord instructing Job and his companions. Here Blake develops the traditional connection between the judgment of Job and that of the world as a whole. The composition echoes that of the second and fifth designs (A00013 and A00016), particularly the former. The two simulacra of Job and his wife that appear in A00013 in the flames surrounding Satan now accompany him in his fall, shown here in the solid form without which error cannot be cast out. At the same time Satan's fall splits the ground on which Job and his companions kneel, dividing Job and his wife in their calm acceptance of the Lord's judgment from the group of Eliphaz and his two companions. There are parallels with Blake's depiction of the Last Judgment (see Butlin 1981, nos.639–48, pls.868–74). In particular God is now shown not as the God of the Old Testament but as Christ with the Book of Life spread open on his knees.

Published in:
Martin Butlin, William Blake 1757-1827, Tate Gallery Collections, V, London 1990

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